Futures

The Long Battle Against Train Communication Vulnerabilities: A Cybersecurity Crisis, (from page 20250817d.)

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Summary

Neil Smith has been advocating for the railroad industry to address a serious vulnerability in a train communication protocol since 2012, which allows remote control of train brakes using software-defined radios (SDRs). Despite reporting the issue to the US government and various organizations, significant action was delayed until a recent warning by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). The vulnerability, recognized as CVE-2025-1727, enables attackers to manipulate braking commands, posing risks of accidents and derailments. The freight rail industry is currently planning to implement a more secure protocol, but this upgrade may not arrive until 2027. Meanwhile, the US rail network remains largely exposed to potential cyber threats, relying on minimal cybersecurity measures until a solution is deployed.

Signals

name description change 10-year driving-force relevancy
Vulnerability of Railroad Systems Security flaws in rail communication protocols exposed by researcher’s efforts since 2012. Shift from outdated security systems to newer, secure technology in rail transport by 2027. Railroad systems may adopt advanced security features, greatly reducing vulnerability to cyberattacks. Increasing awareness of cybersecurity threats in critical infrastructure sectors will drive modernization efforts. 4
Response Lag in Cybersecurity Issues Significant delay in addressing cybersecurity vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure since 2012. Transition from reactive to proactive measures in addressing cybersecurity in rail systems. Regulatory frameworks may enforce faster responses to identified cybersecurity vulnerabilities across all sectors. Growing incidents of cyberattacks on infrastructure compel quicker action and updates to existing protocols. 5
Rise of Software-Defined Radios (SDRs) Advancements in SDR technology make it easier to exploit outdated communication protocols. Increase in accessibility of advanced hacking tools leading to greater risks in rail transport. Potential for widespread exploitation of vulnerabilities in various sectors due to affordable SDR technology. Democratization of hacking technology enables individuals to conduct sophisticated cyber attacks more easily. 4
Railroad Industry’s Complacency Perception among railroad authorities that old technology is sufficient until replacement is available. Change from passive acceptance of outdated systems to prioritizing cybersecurity in infrastructure. Railroad industry may adopt a culture of continuous improvement and vigilance regarding security standards. Increased pressure from public and regulatory bodies for enhanced safety measures will spark necessary changes. 5
Potential Use of Cyber Attacks in Sabotage Possibility of remote control over critical infrastructure raises fears of potential sabotage. Growth of awareness regarding intentional disruption of essential services through cyber means. Cyber attacks could be seen as a new form of warfare leading to stricter global cybersecurity regulations. Heightened concerns over national security and infrastructure resilience will foster international cooperation. 4

Concerns

name description
Rail Network Cybersecurity Vulnerability Weak authentication in train braking systems may be exploited, leading to train crashes or nationwide railway shutdowns.
Delay in Security Protocol Replacement The outdated FRED control system remains in use despite known vulnerabilities, delaying the implementation of secure technology poses significant risks.
Insufficient Response to Cyber Threats Despite awareness of vulnerabilities since 2012, the slow response from authorities indicates a potential negligence in cybersecurity oversight.
Social Engineering Attacks on Critical Infrastructure The ability to remotely control train systems with low-cost equipment opens the door for malicious actors using cyber tactics.
Overall Stability of National Infrastructure The potential for cyberattacks on essential transport systems raises concerns about the resilience of national infrastructure.

Behaviors

name description
Cybersecurity Awareness in Transportation Increasing awareness and understanding of cybersecurity risks in critical transportation infrastructure such as railways.
Regulatory Pressure for Cybersecurity Improvements Emergence of regulatory bodies like CISA actively pressuring industries to address vulnerabilities in their systems for public safety.
Public Reporting of Vulnerabilities Rising trend of independent researchers publicly disclosing vulnerabilities to prompt action from industry stakeholders or regulators.
Use of Commercial Technology for Exploits Utilization of affordable technologies like software-defined radios to exploit vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure.
Delayed Response to Cyber Threats Notable lag between vulnerability discovery and industry action, highlighting a systemic issue in addressing cybersecurity threats.
Collaboration between Independent Researchers and Regulatory Bodies Growing collaboration where independent researchers report vulnerabilities leading to regulatory intervention for security improvements.

Technologies

name description
Software-Defined Radios (SDRs) SDRs allow for flexible communication and control in various contexts, including the potential for security vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure.
New Freight Train Control Protocol (802.16t) A planned replacement for outdated train control systems, aimed to enhance security and prevent remote exploitation.

Issues

name description
Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Rail Infrastructure The vulnerability in the FRED control system poses risks of train derailments and national railway system shutdowns due to weak authentication.
Delay in Implementation of Secure Technologies The slow timeline for implementing newer, secure technologies in freight trains highlights issues in technological upgrades for critical infrastructure.
Public Awareness of Rail Safety Risks The lack of response and action to known vulnerabilities may lead to public concern regarding the safety of rail transportation.
Legal and Regulatory Challenges in Rail Security The protracted timeline for addressing vulnerabilities indicates potential weaknesses in regulatory frameworks governing rail safety and cybersecurity.
Impact of Independent Security Researchers The influence of independent researchers on large institutions demonstrates the importance of external oversight in cybersecurity.